The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) Mains Exam is the second and final stage of the Civil Services Examination (CSE) process. It is considered one of the most challenging and prestigious exams in India, attracting top talent from across the country. The Mains Exam is designed to test the candidates' knowledge, skills, and analytical abilities in various subjects

The UPSC Mains Exam consists of nine papers, including a compulsory English language paper and an Optional Subject paper. The exam is conducted in two phases:
1. Qualifying Papers: These are Paper I to IV, which are descriptive type questions that test the candidate's writing skills, knowledge, and analytical abilities.
2. Main Papers: These are Paper V to IX, which are descriptive type questions that test the candidate's in-depth knowledge and analytical abilities.

Answer Key - Answer Key PDF
Previous Years Question Papers - Previous Years Question Papers PDF

UPSC MAINS exam is conducted in September-October every year. In 2023,
it was held from 15/09/23 - 24/09/23.
Here’s Time Table Exam Date PDF
For 2024, date has been announced i.e. from 20/09/24 by UPSC but the datesheet is yet to be out.

The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) Mains exam is the second and final stage of the Civil Services Examination (CSE) process. It is a challenging and comprehensive exam that tests the candidate's knowledge, analytical skills, and writing abilities. The exam consists of a total of nine papers, including two General Studies papers, two Essay papers, and five Optional papers.

Step 1: General Studies Papers:

The General Studies papers are designed to test the candidate's knowledge of various subjects, including History, Geography, Polity, Economics, Science, and Technology. The papers are divided into two sections: Paper A and Paper B.
Paper A tests the candidate's knowledge of Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World, and Society. The questions in this paper are designed to assess the candidate's understanding of India's cultural heritage, its history, geography, and social structure.
Paper B tests the candidate's knowledge of Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice, and International Relations. The questions in this paper are designed to assess the candidate's understanding of India's governance system, its constitution, polity, social justice issues, and international relations.

Step 2: Essay Papers:

The Essay papers test the candidate's writing skills and ability to think critically. The candidates are required to write two essays on given topics in each paper. The essays are evaluated on the basis of clarity of thought, coherence of argumentation, and quality of writing.

Step 3: Optional Papers:

The Optional papers test the candidate's specialized knowledge in a particular subject. The candidates can choose any two optional subjects from a list of 48 subjects. The questions in these papers are designed to assess the candidate's depth of knowledge in their chosen subjects.

Step 4: Analytical Skills:

The UPSC Mains exam is not just about recalling facts but also about applying them to real-life scenarios. The questions in the exam require candidates to analyze complex situations, identify problems, and suggest solutions. This makes it essential for candidates to develop strong analytical skills.

Step 5: Writing Skills:

The UPSC Mains exam places a significant emphasis on writing skills. Candidates need to write clear, concise, and coherent answers to questions. They must also be able to structure their answers effectively and use relevant examples to illustrate their points.

Step 6: Evaluation Criteria:

The UPSC uses a comprehensive evaluation criteria to assess candidates' performance in the Mains exam. The criteria include:
1. Knowledge and understanding
2. Analytical skills
3. Writing skills
4. Ability to think critically
5. Ability to apply knowledge to real-life scenario

Step 7: Challenges Faced by Candidates:

The UPSC Mains exam is a challenging exam that requires candidates to have a deep understanding of various subjects. Some of the challenges faced by candidates include:
1. Managing time effectively
2. Writing coherent and concise answers
3. Analyzing complex situations
4. Applying theoretical knowledge to real-life scenarios
5. Managing stress and anxiety

Step 1: Understand the Syllabus:

The first step in preparing for the UPSC mains exam is to thoroughly understand the syllabus. The UPSC mains exam consists of nine papers, including one optional paper. Each paper covers specific topics as prescribed by the UPSC. Candidates should carefully go through the detailed syllabus to know what to study and focus on during their preparation.

Step 2: Create a Study Plan:

A well-structured study plan is essential for effective preparation for the UPSC mains exam. Candidates should allocate specific time slots for each paper based on the weightage and their proficiency in the subject. A study plan helps in covering the entire syllabus systematically and ensures thorough revision before the exam.

Step 3: Read Standard Books and Sources:

UPSC mains preparation requires candidates to read from a variety of sources, including standard textbooks, reference books, newspapers, magazines, and online resources. It is essential to refer to authoritative sources to build a strong foundation in various subjects. NCERT textbooks can be particularly useful for basic concepts in subjects like History, Geography, Economics, and Polity.

Step 4: Develop Analytical Skills:

The UPSC mains exam tests candidates' analytical and critical thinking abilities. To excel in the exam, candidates should practice answering essay-type questions, case studies, and problem-solving questions. Developing a habit of analyzing issues from multiple perspectives and presenting well-thought-out arguments is crucial for scoring high marks in the mains exam.

Step 5: Enhance Writing Skills:

Effective writing skills are vital for success in the UPSC mains exam. Candidates should focus on improving their writing style, clarity, coherence, and structure of their answers. Regular practice of answer writing, both in English and Hindi, is essential to develop the skill of expressing ideas concisely and convincingly.

Step 6: Practice Previous Years' Question Papers:

Practicing previous years' question papers is a valuable strategy for UPSC mains preparation. It helps candidates familiarize themselves with the exam pattern, types of questions asked, and the level of difficulty. Solving question papers also aids in time management and enhances problem-solving skills.

Step 7: Revision Strategy:

Revision plays a crucial role in retaining information and reinforcing concepts learned during preparation. Candidates should create concise notes for quick revision of key points in each subject. Regular revision of notes and multiple revisions of the entire syllabus are essential to solidify understanding and recall important information during the exam.

Step 8: Current Affairs and General Studies:

Revision plays a crucial Staying updated with current affairs is vital for the UPSC mains exam. Candidates should read newspapers, magazines, and online portals regularly to stay abreast of national and international events, government policies, and socio-economic developments. Integrating current affairs with general studies topics enhances the quality of answers and demonstrates a holistic understanding of issues.

Step 9: Mock Tests and Practice Exercises:

Taking mock tests and practicing sample papers are essential components of UPSC mains preparation. Mock tests help in assessing the preparation level, identifying strengths and weaknesses, and improving time management skills. Candidates should aim to complete full-length mock tests to simulate exam conditions and build confidence.

Step 10: Optional Subject Preparation:

Choose an optional subject that aligns with your interests, background, and strengths. Thorough preparation of the optional subject is crucial as it carries significant weightage in the mains exam. Candidates should focus on creating in-depth knowledge of the optional subject by referring to standard books, solving previous years' question papers, and seeking guidance from experts.

Step 11: Stay Healthy and Manage Stress:

Maintaining physical and mental well-being is essential during UPSC mains preparation. Candidates should prioritize regular exercise, proper diet, and sufficient rest to stay healthy and focused. Managing stress through relaxation techniques, meditation, and positive thinking can help improve concentration and productivity during study hours.

Step 12: Seek Guidance and Mentorship:

Seeking guidance from experienced mentors, teachers, or successful UPSC candidates can provide valuable insights and strategies for effective mains preparation. Joining a coaching institute or study group can also facilitate peer learning, exchange of ideas, and motivation during the preparation phase.

Books for references:

1. NCERT 11th Ancient and Medieval
2. NCERT 12th Modern Indian History
3. Indian Art & Culture by Nitin Singhania
4. India’s Struggle for Independence – Bipan Chandra
5. NCERT VI-X Old Syllabus
6. NCERT XI, XII New Syllabus
7. World Atlas (Orient Black Swan)
8. Economic Development & Policies in India – Jain & Ohri
9. Indian Economy by Nitin Singhania
10. Tata McGraw Hill CSAT Manual
11. Verbal & Non-Verbal Reasoning by R S Aggarwal